2013年同等學力英語語法專項復習：主謂一致

第十節(jié)主謂一致
一、總述

主謂一致（subject-verb agreement ）指謂語動詞須在人稱和數(shù)方面與主語保持一致。主語和謂語動詞在人稱方面的一致比較簡單，因為除了動詞be 和have 有不同的人稱形式外，其他動詞只有單數(shù)第三人稱現(xiàn)在時在其詞尾加-s/-es，其余的人稱在動詞上并無特殊標記。主語和謂語動詞之間的數(shù)的一致比較復雜，是一致關系中的難點，也是考試中的側重點。在處理主謂一致關系時，通常遵循以下三個原則：
1. 語法一致原則（principle of grammatical agreement）
謂語動詞與主語必須在語法形式上取得一致，即：主單，謂單；主復，謂復。
2. 概念一致原則（principle of notional agreement）
謂語動詞的單數(shù)或復數(shù)的形式取決于主語所表示的概念而不是主語的語法形式。
3. 就近原則（principle of proximity）
謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)的形式上和主語中靠近的語詞取得一致。

二、重要考點
1. 集體名詞作主語時，主語與謂語動詞的一致
如集體名詞在句中意指整體概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如在句中意指其具體成員，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。這類集體名詞包括：army, audience, class, committee, crowd, crew, couple, family, group, staff, team, public, cabinet, band 等。例如：
The population of the earth is increasing very fast.
One third of the population here are farmers. T
he public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
The public now know the whole story.
2. 學科名稱和疾病名稱作主語時，主語與謂語動詞的一致
某些學科名稱和疾病名稱雖詞尾加s 的形式，但這些詞作主語時，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。這些詞包括：electronics （電子學），mechanics （力學），classics（古典文學）， linguistics （語言學），economics （經(jīng)濟學），statistics （統(tǒng)計學），physics （物理學），mathematics （數(shù)學）等。例如：
Electronics is a piece of cake to him.
  Quantum mechanics （量子力學）supplies methods for calculating the results of experiments in all those realms.
3. 表示書名、報名、劇名、國名等的名詞或詞組作主語時，主語與謂語動詞的一致
表示書名、報名、劇名、國名等的名詞（或詞組）作主語時，如只指一種、一本或一個，不論它形式是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)，謂語動詞只用單數(shù)形式。例如：
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by the famous American humorist Mark Twain.
The New York Times is not available here.
The United States was founded in 1776.
4. 單復數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時，主語與謂語動詞的一致
單復數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時，要根據(jù)句子意思來確定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式，單復數(shù)同形的名詞包括：aircraft, deer, fish, sheep, means, species, series, works, crossroads, headquarters 等。例如：
Various means of transport are introduced in this article.
There are already 137 species of butterflies known in the world today.
5. 表示時間、距離、度量、價值的復數(shù)名詞作主語時，主語與謂語動詞的一致
這些復數(shù)名詞，如表示抽象概念，被視作一整體時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如表示具體的多少，強調復數(shù)意義時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。例如：
Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you.
Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her.
The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.
6. 由with、as well as 等詞或詞組修飾的單數(shù)名詞作主語時，主語與謂語動詞的一致
如作主語的單數(shù)名詞后有下列詞或詞組修飾時，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式：with, along with, together with, besides, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather than, but 等。例如：
The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
A scientist, together with some assistants, was sent to help solve that problem.
The boss, rather than his employees, is to blame.
7. and 連接的兩個名詞作主語時，主語與謂語動詞的一致
一般情況下，and 連接的兩個名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。但有些情況下，and 連接的兩個名詞意指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。通常，如果兩個名詞只有一個限定詞或無限定詞修飾時，它們常常表示一個概念，如果兩個名詞分別有兩個限定詞修飾時，它們往往表示兩個不同的概念。另外，如果and 連接的兩個單數(shù)名詞均有each 、every 、many a 、no 等詞修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
The wear and tear on the machine is obvious.
The secretary and manager was present at the meeting.
Every hour and every minute is vital to me now.
Many a boy and many a girl has been to the exhibition.
8. 連詞or 等連接兩個名詞（或代詞）作主語時，主語與謂語動詞的一致
連詞or、either…or… 、neither…nor… 、not only… but also… 連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，謂語動詞必須和靠它較近的一個名詞或代詞取得一致，這就是就近一致原則。例如：
Either I or they are responsible for it.
Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.
Not only he but also his family members are interested in football match.
9. none 本身作主語時或它修飾的名詞或代詞作主語時，如代表不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，如代表可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞既可用單數(shù)形式也可用復數(shù)形式。
10. one and a half  后接的名詞應是復數(shù)形式，但謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：
One and a half years has passed.
11. more than one 后接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，但如果more than one 本身作主語，謂語動詞則用復數(shù)形式