2013年同等學(xué)力英語語法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)：語態(tài)

第七節(jié)語態(tài)

一、總述

語態(tài)（voice ）是一種動(dòng)詞形式，表示主語與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之間的關(guān)系。英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)（active voice ）和被動(dòng)語態(tài)（passive voice）。被動(dòng)語態(tài)往往是各類考試中的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。
英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由“助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)變化借助動(dòng)詞be 來實(shí)現(xiàn)。助動(dòng)詞be 要在人稱和數(shù)上與主語保持一致。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用于下列幾種情況：
1. 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無需指出或不明確時(shí)。例如：
Printing was introduced into Europe from China. Rome was not built in a day.
2. 為強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。例如：
Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack. Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.
3. 為了修辭的需要。例如：
He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.
Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.
二、重要考點(diǎn)
1. 除及物動(dòng)詞外，一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的短語動(dòng)詞也可使用被動(dòng)態(tài)形式。但在個(gè)別情況下，短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開使用。例如：This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.
2. 不及物動(dòng)詞（或相當(dāng)于一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞的短語動(dòng)詞）和表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞（或短語動(dòng)詞）無被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式，如：happen, rise, occur, take place, break out 等；以及lack, fit suit，equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like 等。例如：The story took place in 1949.
3. 將主動(dòng)態(tài)形式改為被動(dòng)態(tài)形式時(shí)，如遇到動(dòng)詞后跟雙賓語的情況，我們只能將其中之一變成主語，另一個(gè)保持不變。當(dāng)直接賓語變成主語時(shí)，保持在原位的間接賓語前需加介詞to。例如：
I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present.
→My husband was given a tie as a birthday present.
→A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.
4. 不定式符號to 在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中不可省略。在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，感官動(dòng)詞和“使”動(dòng)詞常跟不
帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中要有to。例如：
I saw her pass by thewindow.
→She was seen to pass by the window.
5. 某些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞加副詞也表示被動(dòng)意義，如：wash, write, sell, eat, keep, open, read, shut 等。例如：
This type of recorder sells well.
The door won’t shut closely.
This kind of shirt washes well.
The pen writes well。
6. want 、deserve 、need 、require 、stand、take、won’t bear with 等詞后跟主動(dòng)形式的動(dòng)名詞可以表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：
The film is quite worth watching.
The children need looking after (=to be looked after).
The rule will take some learning.
7. 某些作表語的形容詞后，用不定式主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：
He is hard to please. The article is difficult to understand.
8. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)中常用的幾個(gè)介詞：by 表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或施動(dòng)者；with（tools ）表示用某種工具；of（materials ）表示由某種原料制成（制成品可見原料）；from（substance ）表示源于某種物質(zhì)（制成品不見原料）。
9. 非謂動(dòng)詞也有被動(dòng)詞態(tài)，構(gòu)成簡列如下：