在英語句子中通常有兩種語序：一種是陳述語序，一種是倒裝語序。將謂語的一部分或全部置于主語之前的語 序叫做倒裝語序。而倒裝可分為二種：將整個(gè)謂語提到主語之前的叫完全倒裝;而只將be 、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或者助動(dòng)詞放在主語之前的叫做部分倒裝。

　　倒裝是一種語法手段,用于表示一定的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子成分.倒裝句有兩種：完全倒裝和部分倒裝.

　　1. 完全倒裝

　　1) 完全倒裝即把整個(gè)謂語放到主語之前(是整個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞,而非助動(dòng)詞).

　　例如：In came the teacher and the class began. (老師走了進(jìn)來,然后開始上課.)

　　2) there引出的完全倒裝句：除了最常見的there be句型以外,there還可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等,一般都譯成"有"的含義,構(gòu)成完全倒裝句.

　　例如：There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(遠(yuǎn)處有個(gè)穿黑色衣服的人.)

　　3) 由地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間副詞引出的完全倒裝句：以地點(diǎn)副詞here, there和時(shí)間副詞now, then 開頭,后面的動(dòng)詞是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等,而主語又是名詞時(shí),構(gòu)成完全倒裝句.

　　例：Under that tree sits a beautiful girl.(那棵樹下坐著一位美麗的姑娘.)

　　例：_________ from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.

　　A) Jumped down the burglar B) Down the burglar jumped

　　C) The burglar jumps down D) Down jumped the burglar

　　答案是D) Down jumped the burglar.因?yàn)榈攸c(diǎn)狀語Down位于句首應(yīng)該用完全倒裝,整個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)位于主語之前.C) The burglar jumps down雖然是自然語序,但時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤,應(yīng)該用和時(shí)間狀語從句一致的過去時(shí),而不是現(xiàn)在時(shí).

　　注意：

　　1) 在here, there引出的倒裝句中,當(dāng)主語是普通名詞時(shí)用完全倒裝句,但當(dāng)主語是代詞時(shí),就要用部分倒裝句.

　　例：Here comes the postman!(郵遞員終于來了!注意實(shí)意謂語動(dòng)詞位于主語之前.)

　　Here we are.(我們到了.注意系動(dòng)詞位于主語代詞之后.)

　　2) 注意正語序和倒裝語序的語氣、意義是區(qū)別：

　　例：Here is the picture I love.(這正是我所喜愛的畫.)

　　The picture I love is here.(我所喜愛的畫在這里.)

　　3) 當(dāng)主語是代詞,謂語是系動(dòng)詞,表語是說明性的詞、詞組和定語從句時(shí),可以使用完全倒裝句,起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用.

　　例：Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸運(yùn),被一所名牌大學(xué)錄取了.)

　　2. 部分倒裝

　　1) 部分倒裝即只把謂語的一部分(如助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等)放到主語前,或把句子的強(qiáng)調(diào)成分提前.

　　例：_______ right now, she would get there on Sunday.

　　A) Would she leave B) if she leave

　　C) were she to leave D) If she had left

　　結(jié)合選項(xiàng),全句的意思是：“如果她立刻就走,她就能在星期天到達(dá)那里”.答案是C.

　　2) 以否定詞開頭的句子要求部分倒裝.注意下列句子中助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前、甚至補(bǔ)充助動(dòng)詞的用法：

　　例：Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小約翰直到昨天才改變了主意.)

　　例：In no country ______ Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.

　　A) better than B) more than C) other than D) rather than

　　本題是個(gè)倒裝句,答案是C) other than.no other than意思是“正是、就是”;而rather than的意思是“寧愿……而不……;而不是”.

　　3) 以否定副詞開頭并加狀語的句子要求部分倒裝.這些否定副詞有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, nor nearly, not only等以及only.

　　例：Only under special circumstances _________ to take make-up tests.

　　A) are freshmen permitted C) permitted are freshmen

　　B) freshmen are permitted D) are permitted freshmen

　　全句的意思是：“一年級(jí)學(xué)生只有在特殊的情況下才可以允許補(bǔ)考.”本陳述句以only開始,后面接狀語,應(yīng)當(dāng)用部分倒裝句.所以答案是A) are freshmen permitted.如用自然語序,本題所在的句子就應(yīng)該改寫為：Freshmen are permitted to take make-up tests only under special circumstances.這兩句話的差別是,前者將only under special circumstances放到句首,表示對(duì)狀語的強(qiáng)調(diào).注意：在部分倒裝句中,只有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞to be可以置于主語之前,其它部分都要置于主語之后.

　　注意：

　　a) 如果含有從句時(shí),只要求主句倒裝：

　　例：Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有當(dāng)他已經(jīng)說出那個(gè)字后才意識(shí)到自己犯了個(gè)大錯(cuò)誤.)

　　b) 如果上述否定副詞出現(xiàn)在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的前半部分,不用倒裝：

　　例： It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.(直到他出國以后才了解到事實(shí)真相.)

　　c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all時(shí),意義類似almost no/ not/ never(幾乎不、從不),則無須倒裝.

　　例：Hardly any people having been invited went there.(幾乎沒有什么受到邀請(qǐng)的人去那里了.)

　　4) 由no matter how, however和how引導(dǎo)的狀語從句要求部分倒裝,因?yàn)樾稳菰~或副詞通常緊跟在這三個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞后面,然后才是主語和謂語,形成形式上的部分倒裝句：

　　例：I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一點(diǎn)也不了解這條河,不知道它有多長(zhǎng),多寬或多深.)

　　由as引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝句：

　　a) 當(dāng)as作為比較意義時(shí),即用于as + adj./ adv. + as結(jié)構(gòu)中時(shí),如果把第一個(gè)as省略掉,就形成部分倒裝句.

　　例：Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一樣謹(jǐn)慎小心,她似乎不愿意立即回答我的問題.)

　　She ran down the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).(她跑下樓去,跑得象兔子那么快!)

　　b) 當(dāng)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語時(shí),和although, though一樣,當(dāng)用作“盡管”之義時(shí),可以用于部分倒裝句.

　　例：_______, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.

　　A) As she was exhausted B) If she was exhausted

　　C) Exhausted though she was D) Now that she was exhausted

　　答案是C) Exhausted though she was.從屬連詞as, though可以用于讓步狀語從句中.這種從句必須以形容詞(或形容詞化的分詞)、名詞或動(dòng)詞原形開頭,主語必須位于從句之后.D) Now that she was exhausted里的引導(dǎo)詞Now that表示“既然”;B) If she was exhausted表示條件“如果”; A) As she was exhausted表示“由于”(因?yàn)槭褂玫氖钦Z序),都與后面句子的意思不通順.

　　c) 表示原因時(shí),為了強(qiáng)調(diào)起見,也可以倒裝.

　　例：Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因?yàn)樗哿?我們決定不打擾他.)

　　d) 等于so時(shí),意義是“也,也是”

　　例：She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力.)

　　3. 其它情況的倒裝句

　　1) so, neither, nor除了構(gòu)成上述倒裝句以外,還可以取代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞、形容詞甚至整句話,構(gòu)成完全倒裝句或部分倒裝句.但這兩種倒裝的意義不同.

　　a) 當(dāng)so表示“也,相同,那樣”時(shí),通常表示對(duì)前一句肯定句的贊同、一致內(nèi)容,要求使用完全倒裝句：

　　例：I asked him to complete the experiment before five, so he did (=and he did that).(我讓他在5點(diǎn)以前完成實(shí)驗(yàn),他做到了.)

　　b) so /such ……that句型可以構(gòu)成部分倒裝句,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)so /such和that之間的部分：

　　例：So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.(他的要價(jià)如此之高,令每個(gè)人都瞠目結(jié)舌.)

　　To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out.(她的彩排進(jìn)行得那么長(zhǎng),以致于兩個(gè)演員都走出去了.)

　　c) neither和nor共有4種倒裝形式,其含義分別為：

　　完全倒裝時(shí)：表示"也不",和上文a)用法正好相反,表示對(duì)前一句否定句的贊同或一致內(nèi)容.

　　例：You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .(你不知道現(xiàn)在該做什么,我也不知道.)

　　和其它否定副詞連用,表示"也(不)",也要求用完全倒裝句：

　　例：The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither could they retreat.(被包圍的敵人既不能進(jìn),也不能退.)

　　注意：若把這句話改成："The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包圍的敵人既不能進(jìn),也不能退.)"就不必倒裝.

　　例：She never laughed, ___