語法部分要求考生掌握九大類基礎語法知識,并能在閱讀、寫作等過程中運用這些語法知識解決實際問題。這些要求看似復雜,其實只要考生在復習準備時認真學習有關的詞匯和語法知識,了解考題的特點,在做練習題時注意識別練習題中的考點,有針對性地復習考試大綱所涵蓋的相關知識,真正做到知已知彼,就能在考試中取得滿意的成績。
3 .動詞
( 1 )時態(tài)、語態(tài)
1 )以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進行時,同樣不用于完成進行時。
a .表示感知的動詞: hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell 。
b . 表示意愿情感的動詞: desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love 。
c .表示思考看法的動詞: believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind , recall, recollect , remember, trust, suppose 。
d .表示所有 占有 的動詞: belong to , owe , own , possess , hold (容納)。
e .其他動詞: cost , appear , concern , contain , consist , deserve , matter , seem 。
2 )不用 will/shall 表達將來時的形式。
a . be going to 表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖。
b . arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off 等表示移位的動詞的進行時表示按計劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動作。
c . be to(do) 表示安排、計劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事。
d . be about to (do); be on the point of (doing) 表示“馬上就要”,一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用。
e . be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start 的一般現(xiàn)在時表示按日歷或時刻表要 發(fā)生的將來 動作 或事件。
f .在 時間 、條件、讓 步從句中,一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。
g . 在 where/wherever 引導的地點從句和 whether 引導的讓步從句中,一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。
3 )與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語。
a . by/between/up to/till+ 過去時間, since , by the time/when+ 謂語動詞是一般過去時的從句,主 句用過去完成時。
b . by + 將來時間、 by the time/when+ 謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句,主句用將來完成時。
c . by now, since + 過去時間, in/during/for the past/last few (或具體數字) years/days/months ,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時。
d .在 It is the+ 序數詞 / 形容詞最高級 +that 的定語從句中,謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。
e . 在 no sooner ...than..., hardly/scarcely...when/before... 句型中,主句常用過去完成時。
f . 其他與完成時連用的時間狀語: all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet 等。
4 )下列及物(短語)動詞一般不用于被動語態(tài)。
contain, cost, enter, fit, have, hold (容納), lack, last, own, possess, belong to, resemble, suit, wish, agree with, consist of, get to, keep track of, shake hands with, take part in, walk into, arrive at, reach (到達)
5 )接動名詞時主動形式表示被動意義的動詞。
bear, deserve, merit, need, require, want, demand
6 )后接副詞時主動形式表示被動意義的動詞。
wash , open , polish , wear , write , sell , pull , push , lock , clean , cut , peel , spoil , read
例: The book sells well. 這本書賣得很好。
( 2 )非謂語動詞
1 )常接動名詞做賓語的動詞。
acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall, recollect, risk, resist, suggest, tolerate
2 )常接不定式做賓語的動詞。
agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish
3 )接不定式或動名詞在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞。
mean to do 想要(做某事) mean doing 意味(做某事)
propose to do 打算(做某事) propose doing 建議(做某事)
forget to do 忘記(要做的事) forget doing 忘記(已做的事)
remember to do 記得(要做某事) remember doing 記得(已做過的事)
regret to do (對將要做的事)遺憾 regret doing (對已做過的事)后悔
go on to do 繼而(做另一件事) go on doing 繼續(xù)(做原來的事)
stop to do 停下來去做另一件事(不定式作目的狀語)
stop doing 停止正在做的事(不定式做賓語)
4 )不定式的習慣用法。
句型: cannot help but do; cannot but do
cannot choose but do; can do nothing but do
have no choice/alternative but to do
5 )動名詞的習慣用法。
句型: be busy/active doing sth.
have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.
It's no good/use/picnic doing sth.
have a good/terrible/difficult time doing sth.
spend/waste time doing sth.
There is no point/sense/harm doing sth.
cannot help doing sth.
6 )下列動詞短語中的 to 是介詞,后面應接動名詞或名詞。
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to
( 3 )虛擬語氣
1 ) that 賓語從句需用( should+ )動詞原形表示虛擬的動詞。
desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, suggest, urge, vote, move
應當注意的是,當 suggest 、 insist 等詞不再表示“建議”或“堅持要求”的含義時,其后面的從句不再用虛擬語氣。例如:
His look suggested that he wasn't telling the truth.
He insisted that he was right.
2 )下列名詞后接 that 同位語從句或表語從句時,從句謂語需用( should+ )動詞原形表示虛擬。
insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding
3 )下列形容詞或分詞做表語時, that 主語從句需用( should+ )動詞原形表示虛擬。
advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, strange, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested
4 )含蓄虛擬條件句。
a .介詞 with, without, under, in but for 等表示含蓄條件。例如:
But for your help, they couldn't have succeeded.
She wasn't feeling well. Otherwise, she wouldn't have left the meeting so early.
b .連詞 but, or, or else ,副詞 otherwise, unfortunately 等表示轉折假設。
c . intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+ 不定式完成式或 had intended/me- ant/planned/hoped/wished+ 不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。
d .情態(tài)動詞完成式可以表示虛擬含義。
5 )在非真實條件句中,有時從句的動詞所表示的動作和主句的動詞所表示的動作并不同時發(fā)生,這樣的條件句中使用的虛擬式稱為混合虛擬式。其構成視具體情況而定。例如:
If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.
If I were you, I wouldn't have missed the film last night.
6 )引導非真實條件從句的連詞 if 在正式文體中有
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