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一、總述
根據(jù)從句在句中擔(dān)任成分的不同，可將其分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。
名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：
單純連接詞：that, whether, if (此類連接詞在從句中不充當(dāng)句法成分)。
疑問代詞：who, whoever, whichever, what, whatever (此類詞在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)一定的句法成分)。疑問副詞：when, where, why, how (此類副詞在句中充當(dāng)句法成分)。
二、重點考點
1. 名詞性從句
名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。引導(dǎo)這些名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括：從屬連詞that 、if、whether ;連接代詞who 、whoever 、whom 、whomever 、which 、whichever 、what 、whatever 、whose ;連接副詞where 、when 、why 、how 。其中，從屬連詞只起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句法成分，而連接代詞和連接副詞則既起連接作用，又在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。例如：
That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.
The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party.
I don’t know if he will attend the meeting.
Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?
A. 在含有主語從句的復(fù)合句中，為保持句子平衡，常用it 作形式主語，而將真正的主語從句放在句末。例如：It’s well-known that water is indispensable to life.
B. 為保持句子平衡，that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句也常用it 代替，而將真正的賓語從句置于主句句末。這常常出現(xiàn)在主句有形容詞或分詞作賓語補足語的情況下。例如：
He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.
C. 從屬連詞whether 和if 都作“是否??”解，但if 不可引導(dǎo)主語從句和表語從句。
whether 可與or (not) 連用，而if 不可以。例如：
I don’t know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference.
D. that 和what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別：that 在從句中不充當(dāng)成分，而what 在從句
中充當(dāng)一定的成分，如主語、表語、賓語等。that 可省略，what 則不可省。例如：
He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once.
E. 同位語從句大多由從屬連詞that 引導(dǎo)，常跟在下列名詞后面，如fact、idea 、opinion 、news 、hope 、belief 等。同位語從句一般用來解釋說明這些名詞的具體含義和內(nèi)容。that 不可省略。例如：
We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.
The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
2. 定語從句
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括：(1) 關(guān)系代詞：that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2) 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why 。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語中都充當(dāng)一定的句法成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)動詞的賓語時，一般可省去。
關(guān)系代詞的選用比較復(fù)雜，它受下列條件的制約：(1) 先行詞是指人還是指物;(2) 關(guān)系代詞在從句中的句法功能;(3) 定語從句是限定性的還是非限定性的。關(guān)系代詞的選用情況見下表：
例如：
I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says.
The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy ( 禮貌)。
The watch which (that) was lost has been found.
Here is the material which (that) you need.
You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.
關(guān)系副詞的選用相對來說比較簡單。如先行詞為表示時間的名詞，如time 、day 等，則用when ，如先行詞為表示地點的名詞，如place 、house 、area 等，則用where ;如先行詞為reason，則用why 。例如：
I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.
I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that.
A. 當(dāng)先行詞是all、something, nothing 等不定代詞時;或先行詞前有first、last 、only、few、much 、some 、any、no 等詞修飾時;或先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時，一般只用that 而不用which 來引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如：
I’ve explained everything (that) I can to you.
This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to.
B. 定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句，限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系緊密，是句中不可缺少部分，如去掉，主句意思不完整。非限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系松散，如去掉，主句內(nèi)容仍完整。在書面語中，非限定性定語從句一般被逗號隔開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that 引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系詞不可省略。例如：
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The general’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.
C. 先行詞也可以是整個句子。這時，一般用which 或as 來引導(dǎo)定語從句。which 在從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語等，as 在從句中一般只充當(dāng)主語。which 與as 引導(dǎo)此類定語從句的區(qū)別在于：which 只能置于句中或句末，而as 的位置比較靈活，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。例如：
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.
He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.
As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十項全能) at that Olympic Games.
D. 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中有時也充當(dāng)介詞的賓語。如果介詞被置于關(guān)系代詞前，一般只用介詞 + which 或介詞 + whom ，而不用介詞 + that 來引導(dǎo)定語從句。如果介詞被置于從句句末，則可用that 代替which 或whom ，且that 這時可省去。例如：
This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.
One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with come today.
3. 狀語從句
在復(fù)合句中，起狀語作用的從句稱作狀語從句。根據(jù)語義，狀語從句分為：時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、條件狀語從句、原因狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、比較狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句。
A. 時間狀語從句。例如：
When you cross a main road, you must be very careful.
Until we learn the facts, we can’t do anything about it.
(1) when、as、while 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時都可以表示主句的動作與從句的動作同時發(fā)生，即同時性。它們的區(qū)別在于：when 和as 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中的動作可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是非延續(xù)性的，即瞬時性;while 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中的動作只能是延續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)。當(dāng)主句和從句中的動作均為延續(xù)性動作時，一般用while，而不用when 或as。當(dāng)表示兩個同時發(fā)展、變化的情況下，一般用as, 作“隨著??”解。例如：
When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.
As she got older, she got wiser.
While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking.
(2) 有些副詞和一些表示時間的名詞詞組也可用作從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。如：instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the second, the moment 等。例如：
Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened.
The day he returned home, his grandpa was already dead.
B. 條件狀語從句
引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有：if, unless, as (so), only if (只要)。例如：
If you don’t come on time, we’ll start out without you.
As (so) long as you keep on trying, you’ll certainly succeed.
除了以上提到的從屬連詞外，還有其他的一些詞或詞組也可引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。例如：providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that, on condition that, in case 等。例如：
Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups, he will be able to win the election.
C. 原因狀語從句引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有：because, since, as, now (that), in that, considering
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