虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的愿望、請求、意圖、建議、懷疑、設(shè)想等未能或不可能成為事實的情況,以及在說話人看來實現(xiàn)可能性很小的情況。由于虛擬語氣是動詞的一種特殊表現(xiàn)形式,因而動詞的變化形式體現(xiàn)出虛擬語氣所包含的不同含義。虛擬語氣用于非真實條件句時的構(gòu)成如下表所述: 1. 在非真實條件句中,有時從句的動詞所表示的動作和主句的動詞所表示的動作并不同時發(fā)生,這樣的條件句中使用的虛擬式稱為混合虛擬式。其構(gòu)成視具體情況而定。例如: If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now. If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night. 2. 引導(dǎo)非真實條件從句的連詞if 在正式文體中有時可以省去, were、had、should 等非行為動詞這時應(yīng)提到從句句首。例如: If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry. →Were I you, I wouldn’t feel sorry. 3. 有些句子從表層結(jié)構(gòu)上看是無if 引導(dǎo)的非真實條件句,但從深層意思上看if 是存在的。這種情況下主句 動詞仍需用虛擬式。這類句子中常出現(xiàn)without (如果沒有),but for (要不是),otherwise (否則),but that (若不,后接一從句)等詞或詞組。例如: But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded. She wasn’t feeling well. Otherwise,she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early. 4. 在It is + 形容詞 + that 從句的句型中,that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動詞采用should + 動詞原形形式,其中should 常省略?捎糜诖司湫偷男稳菰~還有:absurd, advisable, better, best, desirable, (un)fair, fortunate, good, imperative, important, incredible, just, natural, (un) necessary, odd, pleasant, possible, preferable, right, ridiculous, sad, silly, unusual, urgent, vital, wrong 等,表示必要、應(yīng)該、建議、要求、驚訝、不相信等含義。例如: It’s necessary that we (should) set out at once. It’s proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter. 5. 具有“提議、建議、請求、命令”等含義的動詞所帶的從句(包括賓語從句和主語從句)中,謂語動詞用should + 動詞原形形式。美國英語多用動詞原形,英國英語多用should + 動詞原形。有相同用法的動詞還有:ask, advise, agree, arrange, beg, command, decide, demand, desire, determine, direct, instruct, insist, intend, maintain, move, order, persuade, pray, propose, recommend, request, require, stipulate, suggest, tell, urge。如: I suggest that we (should) go camping tomorrow. He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiment was done. 應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是,當(dāng)suggest、insist 等詞不再表示“建議”或“堅持要求”的含義時,其后面的從句不再用虛擬語氣。例如: His look suggested that he wasn’t telling the truth. He insisted that he was right. 6. 虛擬式可用于wish 后的賓語從句中,表示與事實相反的愿望。其表達形式一般是將謂語動詞提前一個時態(tài)。例如: I wish I had been to the concert last night. I wish he would forgive me. 7. It’s (high, about) time that… 的句型要求用虛擬式,表示應(yīng)該做還沒有做的事。其表達形式一般是謂語動詞使用過去時態(tài)。例如: It’s high time that he stopped smoking. It’s about time that we took our leave. 8. 在I would rather 后的句子中,動詞也要求用虛擬式,表示某人的愿望。其表達形式一般是將謂語動詞提前一個時態(tài)。例如: I’d rather you left tomorrow instead of today. I’d rather he hadn’t done anything like that. 9. 在由as if、as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中,表示和現(xiàn)在事實相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑,或表示與主句謂語動詞同時或其后的假設(shè)情況時,從句中謂語動詞用過去時。表示過去想象中的動作或情況或表示在主句謂語動詞所表示時間之前的假設(shè)情況,從句用過去完成時。如果表示的情況很可能發(fā)生或是事實,則用陳述語氣。例如: She looks as if she knew all about it. They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years. 10. 在if only 引起的感嘆句中,用謂語動詞的一般過去時表示與現(xiàn)在的事實相反的情況,用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反的情況。例如: If only he knew our telephone number! 11. 在lest、for fear that 、in case 等詞引導(dǎo)的從句中,謂語動詞用should + 動詞原形表示虛擬,should 一詞也可以省略。例如: Grown people should never say or do anything wrong before children, lest they (should) 虛擬語氣用來表示假想,而不表示客觀存在的事實,所說的是一個條件,不一定是事實,或與事實相反。虛擬語氣通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示。英語中的語氣分為陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣三類。希望同學(xué)們能分清虛擬語氣的用法,更多內(nèi)容歡迎關(guān)注新陽光教育網(wǎng)。 |