語態(tài)是一種動詞形式,表示主語與謂語動詞所表示的動作之間的關(guān)系。英語動詞有兩種語態(tài):主動語態(tài)(active voice )和被動語態(tài)(passive voice)。被動語態(tài)往往是各類考試中的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。英語被動語態(tài)是由“助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)變化借助動詞be 來實(shí)現(xiàn)。助動詞be 要在人稱和數(shù)上與主語保持一致。被動語態(tài)常用于下列幾種情況: 1. 動作的執(zhí)行者無需指出或不明確時。例: Printing was introduced into Europe from China. Rome was not built in a day. 2. 為強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時。例: Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack. Susan was singled out for praise yesterday. 3. 為了修辭的需要。例: He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door. Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President. 4. 除及物動詞外,一些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的短語動詞也可使用被動態(tài)形式。但在個別情況下,短語動詞一般不拆開使用。例如:This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible. 5. 不及物動詞(或相當(dāng)于一個不及物動詞的短語動詞)和表示狀態(tài)的動詞(或短語動詞)無被動語態(tài)形式,如:happen, rise, occur, take place, break out 等;以及l(fā)ack, fit suit,equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like 等。例如:The story took place in 1949. 6. 將主動態(tài)形式改為被動態(tài)形式時,如遇到動詞后跟雙賓語的情況,我們只能將其中之一變成主語,另一個保持不變。當(dāng)直接賓語變成主語時,保持在原位的間接賓語前需加介詞to。例如: I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present. →My husband was given a tie as a birthday present. →A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present. 7. 不定式符號to 在被動語態(tài)中不可省略。在主動語態(tài)中,感官動詞和“使”動詞常跟不 帶to 的動詞不定式,但在被動語態(tài)中要有to。例: I saw her pass by thewindow. →She was seen to pass by the window. 8. 某些實(shí)義動詞加副詞也表示被動意義,如:wash, write, sell, eat, keep, open, read, shut 等。例: This type of recorder sells well. The door won’t shut closely. This kind of shirt washes well. The pen writes well。 9. want 、deserve 、need 、require 、stand、take、won’t bear with 等詞后跟主動形式的動名詞可以表示被動意義。例: The film is quite worth watching. The children need looking after (=to be looked after). The rule will take some learning. 10. 某些作表語的形容詞后,用不定式主動形式表示被動意義。例: He is hard to please. The article is difficult to understand. 11. 被動語態(tài)中常用的幾個介詞:by 表示動作的執(zhí)行者或施動者;with(tools )表示用某種工具;of(materials )表示由某種原料制成(制成品可見原料);from(substance )表示源于某種物質(zhì)(制成品不見原料)。 語態(tài),是英語語法的基礎(chǔ),在語法學(xué)中,語態(tài)是描述句子中動詞和參與此動作之主語之間關(guān)系的一個術(shù)語。當(dāng)主語是動作的發(fā)起者(或之一)時,稱為主動語態(tài);如果主語為動作之承受者,稱為被動語態(tài)。 而在現(xiàn)代英語中,隨著感情化的加深,語態(tài)在其中的作用越來越大,所以要學(xué)好英語,必須學(xué)好語態(tài)并不是空話。 |