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9 .語法疑難點(diǎn)解析
( 1 ) in that, but that, except that 引導(dǎo)的句子
通常在介詞之后只用 wh- 詞引導(dǎo)句子，但是 in that, but that, except that 已成固定詞組，其后可直接引導(dǎo)句子。
1 ) in that
I enjoy country life better in that the air and water are less polluted there.
Human beings differ from animals in that they can think and speak.
2 ) but that
He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.
Tom would have passed the driving test but that he was too nervous then.
3 ) except that
She is a competent teacher except that she is occasionally not very strict with her students.
We have no news except that the ship reached port safely.
( 2 ) if only 和 only if 的區(qū)別
if only 引導(dǎo)的多為虛擬條件句，而且可引導(dǎo)表示愿望的虛擬單句。 only if 引導(dǎo)的是 真實(shí)條件句。在 only if 中， only 作為副詞，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
1 ) if only
If only I had known about his coming, I would have met him at he airport.
I could had a better rest if only there weren't so much noise.
2 ) only if
The strikers will go back to work only if they get the salary raise they are asking for.
It doesn't matter what kind of job you do only if you feel fulfilled.
( 3 ) hardly/scarcely...when 和 no sooner...than
考生要記清這兩種句型各自的搭配，切莫混淆。而且在倒裝句中，第一個(gè)分句主謂倒裝，第二個(gè)分句主謂不倒裝，為正常語序。例如：
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted.
Scarcely had they settled themselves in the theatre when the curtain went up.
No sooner had I stepped on the train than it got started.
No sooner did he announce the beginning of the press conference than the journalists rushed to the front to take photos of the world leaders.
( 4 )代詞一致
代詞一致是指句子中的代詞，必須與其所指代的名詞或代詞在人稱、數(shù)、性上保持一致。
1 ) anybody, anyone, anything, each one, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, somebody, someone, something, either, neither, kind, type, sort, every, one 等詞用做主語或限定主語時(shí)，代詞一般用單數(shù)。例如：
Neither of the boys has done his homework.
If anyone calls, tell him I'll be back in a minute.
2 )用 or 或 nor 連接的名詞，若兩個(gè)都是單數(shù)，就用單數(shù)代詞;若兩個(gè)都是復(fù)數(shù)，就用復(fù)數(shù)代詞;若一個(gè)是單數(shù)，一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)，其代詞應(yīng)與相鄰的名詞保持一致，性的一致也按此規(guī)則。例如：
Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination.
Did Tom or Rose lose her self-confidence?
( 5 )被動(dòng)語態(tài)補(bǔ)充說明
1 )如賓語補(bǔ)語是不帶 to 的不定式，當(dāng)句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)以后，該不定式須還原 to 。例如：
The director made his staff work overtime.
The staff were made to work overtime.
2 )少數(shù)短語動(dòng)詞 be taken in, be supposed to do sth, be intended for sth. /sb. 通常只有被動(dòng)式。
3 )有一類諸如 wash, open, polish, wear, write, sell, pull, push, lock, clean, cut, peel, spoil, read 的動(dòng)詞，后接副詞時(shí)通常用其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如： This pen writes smoothly.
4 )分清表語結(jié)構(gòu)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
有些短語如 be interested in, be concerned about, be based upon, be qualified for, be surprised at 等為表語結(jié)構(gòu)，而非被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：
The Chinese people is distinguished for its courage and industry. /He is satisfied with my job performance.
5 )有些詞或詞組無被動(dòng)式，例如： happen, take place, break out 等。
( 6 )在反意疑問句中，如果陳述句中有 never, nothing, seldom, little, few, scarcely, hardly, rarely 等詞表示否定時(shí)，反意疑問句要用肯定式。例如：
She hardly knew a word of French, did she?
There is little water left in the thermos, is there?
( 7 ) let alone, still less 等是表示追加否定的兩類詞組。
1 ) let alone, not to speak or, not to mention, to say nothing of 等詞組的意思為“更不用說”，常用在一些詞語后表示追加否定。既可用于否定語意后，表達(dá)追加否定;也可用于肯定語意后，表達(dá)追加肯定。例如：
This small baby can't walk, let alone run.
He has enough money for amusement, not to mention food.
For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.
2 ) still less, much less, even less 等詞組的意思為“更不……”，只用于否定語意后。例如：
I don't suspect him of robbery, still less of robbery with violence.
He could barely pay for his own travelling expenses, much less for mine.
He can't speak English fluently, even less deliver a speech in English.
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