一、總述
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是指動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞。它們是動(dòng)詞的非限定形式。在句子中起著一些特殊的作用。一般來(lái)說(shuō),動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)以外的其他各種成分;動(dòng)名詞只可作句子的主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ);分詞只能作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)及補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。即使是作同一種成分,不同非謂語(yǔ)形式之間仍然存在差異。不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可表示目的、原因、結(jié)果和方式等;分詞作狀語(yǔ)不僅可表示原因、結(jié)果方式,還可以表示時(shí)間、條件、伴隨情況及讓步等。因此考生在做題時(shí)應(yīng)分析狀語(yǔ)表達(dá)的是何種意思,才能做也正確的選擇。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的表達(dá)形式見(jiàn)下表:
二、重要考點(diǎn)
1. 動(dòng)詞不定式
不定式是指帶to 的動(dòng)詞原形(使用中有時(shí)不帶to),在句中起形容詞或副詞的作用,可以作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
A. 作定語(yǔ)
(1) 動(dòng)詞不定式與其修飾的詞之間往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,其后有必要的介詞。例如:
He’s a pleasant fellow to work with.
There’s nothing to worry about.
(2) 有些名詞后常跟不定式作定語(yǔ)。例如:time, reason, chance, right, ability, willingness, need, anxiety, wish, plan 等。例如:
Women should have the right to receive education.
There is no time to hesitate.
(3) the first, the second, the last, the best 等之后用不定式作定語(yǔ)。例如:
The monitor will be the first to come.
He was the last man to blame.
B. 作狀語(yǔ)
(1) 作目的狀語(yǔ)不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后,一般置于句子末尾。但是,如果表示強(qiáng)調(diào),亦可置于句首。其否定形式為:在不定式符號(hào)前加not。例如:
He went to Shanghai to visit his parents.
To save the earth, we must prevent the earth from being polluted.
I shut the door quietly, so as not to wake the baby.
(2) 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。例如:
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
She left home, never to return again.
(3) 作原因狀語(yǔ)
不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí),一般放在句子末尾。例如:
She burst into laughter to see his funny action.
The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene.
(4) 有些固定詞組帶to 不定式,表明說(shuō)話人的立場(chǎng)或態(tài)度,在句子中作獨(dú)立成分。這些詞有:to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to get (back) to the point, not to make much of it, to put it another way, to tell the truth 等。例如:
To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing.
To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill.
2. 動(dòng)名詞
動(dòng)名詞也是動(dòng)詞的一種非限定形式,由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing 構(gòu)成。與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成法相同。它同時(shí)具有動(dòng)詞及名詞特征。以下主要介紹其作定語(yǔ)及狀語(yǔ)的情況。
A. 作定語(yǔ)。例如:
None is allowed to smoke in the waiting room.
The speeding car came to a stop all of a sudden.
B. 作狀語(yǔ)
介詞 + 動(dòng)名詞可以作狀語(yǔ)用,表示時(shí)間、原因、目的、讓步、方式等。例如:
After finishing the job, he went home.
He was blamed for having done something wrong.
They went to Manchester with the object of winning the World Championship.
3. 分詞
分詞是動(dòng)詞的三種非限定形式之一,分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種。分詞可以在句中作狀語(yǔ)及定語(yǔ)。
A. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的用法區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的用法區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)間概念上。在語(yǔ)態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞(除被動(dòng)式外)表示主動(dòng)意思,過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)意思。在時(shí)間上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞則表示動(dòng)作已完成。例如:
developing countries developed countries
the touching tale the touched audience
B. 現(xiàn)在分詞的用法
現(xiàn)在分詞可在句中作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
(1) 作定語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)多置于它所修飾的名詞前。例如:
This is a pressing question.
He asked an embarrassing question.
現(xiàn)在分詞亦可置于它所修飾的名詞之后。例如:
There were no soldiers drilling.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)一般皆置于其修飾的名詞之后;例如:
A little child learning to walk often falls.
The men working here are all from the rural areas.
(2) 現(xiàn)在分詞用作狀語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞及其短語(yǔ)從表意的角度看,也可用作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。其動(dòng)作可能發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或之后,也可能與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
a. 表示時(shí)間。例如:
Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.
He went out shutting the door behind him.
強(qiáng)調(diào)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞之前可用連詞when 或while。例如:
When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.
While flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.
b. 表示原因。例如:
Being sick, I stayed at home.
She caught cold sitting on the grass.
c. 表示條件。例如:
Adopting this method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent.
Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage.
d. 表示讓步。例如:
Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasn’t tried her best.
e. 表示結(jié)果。例如:
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.
It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.
f. 表示方式或伴隨情況。例如:
He ran up to her breathing heavily.
Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc.
C. 過(guò)去分詞的作用
(1) 作定語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞可以作定語(yǔ)。如果是單詞,常置于其所修飾的名詞之前。例如:
Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?
(2) 作狀語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞從表意的角度看也可以用作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
a. 表示時(shí)間。例如:
Heated, the metals expands.
When seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.
b.表示原因。例如:
Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city.
Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word.
c. 表示條件。例如:
United, we stand; divided, we fall.
Given more time, I’ll do it better.
d. 表示讓步。例如:
Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong.
Badly involved in the accident, the car is still running.
e. 表示方式或伴隨。例如:
He came back, utterly exhausted.
United as one, the people of the whole country are striving for greater successes in socialist construction.
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